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The Papaloapan River ((スペイン語:Río Papaloapan)) is one of the main rivers of the Mexican state of Veracruz. Its name is derived from the Nahuatl ''papalotl'' ("butterfly") and ''apan'' ("river"). Juan de Grijalva's 1517 expedition discovered the river, naming it Rio de Alvarado.〔Diaz, B., 1963, The Conquest of New Spain, London: Penguin Books, ISBN 0140441239〕 The Papaloapan rises in the Sierra Madre Oriental on the border between the states of Veracruz and Oaxaca. It is formed where the Santo Domingo River and the Valle Nacional River join to the southwest of San Juan Bautista Tuxtepec in Oaxaca. The Tonto River is another major tributary. The Papaloapan meanders for in a northeasterly direction through the coastal plain before draining into Alvarado lagoon.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Papaloapan River )〕 The river basin covers , the second largest in Mexico, and contains 244 municipalities with a population of about 3.3 million people. The cities of San Juan Bautista Tuxtepec and Tlacotalpan (Veracruz) are situated on the banks of the Papaloapan. In the past the Papaloapan river basin was subject to frequent flooding, with the damage sometimes compounded by cyclones. A particularly severe flood in September 1944 covered , with great loss of life and property. The Miguel Alemán Dam on the Tonto river reduced the problem, but further floods occurred after it had been completed in 1955. A flood in 1958 covered and one in 1969 covered . Meanwhile, the drainage capacity of the Papaloapan river was being reduced by silt carried by the Santo Domingo river. Construction of the Cerro de Oro Dam in 1989 on the Santo Domingo river reduced the extent of floods to a manageable level. The states of Oaxaca and Veracruz are cooperating in developing the river basin. Plans include irrigation to improve agricultural production, promotion of forestry and fish farming and improvements to roads and river navigation. The planned projects will be designed to avoid ecological damage.〔 Environmental damage has been the subject of considerable study.〔Patrick H. Cosby, "Leviathan in the Tropics: A postcolonial environmental history of the Papaloapan Projects in Mexico." PhD diss. University of Florida 2011.〕 ==See also== *List of longest rivers of Mexico File:Alvarado, VER-Satellite.jpg|Satellite picture of the Papaloapan River ending at the Gulf of Mexico File:Tux Papaloapan river.JPG|The Papaloapan at Tuxtepec File:Rio papaloapan puente papaloapan.jpg|View of the river File:CAC Rio Papaloapan 210409.JPG|Papaloapan river in front of Carlos A. Carrillo, Veracruz. File:Rio Papaloapan Cosamaloapan.JPG|Papaloapan River in front of Cosamaloapan 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Papaloapan River」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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